Conjunction & Interjection

Conjunction

Conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, clauses or sentences. e.g.  and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so, although, because, since, unless, when, while, where are some conjunctions.

Examples.

     She tried but did not succeed.
     He does not go to school because he is ill.
     John and Marry went to the cinema.
     He thought for a moment and kicked the ball.
     I waited for him but he didn’t come.
     You will be ill unless you quit smoking.
     We didn’t go to the market because it was raining outside.

Single word Conjunction: Conjunction having one word
          e.g. and, but, yet, because etc.

Compound Conjunction: Conjunction having two or more words
       e.g. as long as, as far as, as well as, in order that, even if, so that etc

Types of Conjunction.

There are three types of conjunctions

• Coordinating Conjunction
• Subordinate Conjunction
• Correlative Conjunction
• 
  
• 
  

Coordinating Conjunction.

Coordinating conjunction (called coordinators) joins words, phrases (which are similar in importance and grammatical structure) or independent clauses.

Coordinating conjunctions are short words i.e. and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.

Coordination conjunction joins two equal parts of a sentence,

• Word + word 
• Phrase + phrase
• Clause + clause 
• Independent clause + independent clause.

Examples.

Types of Conjunction.

Conjunction is a word that connects words, phrases, clauses or sentences. e.g.  and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so, although, because, since, unless, when, while, where etc.

There are three types of conjunctions

• • Coordinating Conjunction
• • Subordinate Conjunction
• • Correlative Conjunction

 

Coordinating Conjunction.

Coordinating conjunctions (called coordinators) join words, phrases (which are similar in importance and grammatical structure) or independent clauses.

Coordinating conjunctions are short words i.e. and, but, or, nor, for, so, yet.

Coordination conjunction joins two equal parts of a sentence,

• Word + word 
• Phrase + phrase
• Clause + clause 
• Independent clause + independent clause.

Examples.

     Word + word: She likes tea and coffee.
     Phrase + phrase: He may be in the room or on the roof.
     Clauses + clause: What you eat and what you drink affect your health.
     Independent clause + independent clause: The cat jumped over the mouse and      the mouse ran away.

In the following examples, coordinating conjunctions join two words of same importance.

      She likes pizza and cake.               (pizza and cake)
      I bought a table and a chair.          (table and chair)
      He may come by bus or car.           (bus or car)

In the following examples, conjunction joins two independent clauses. Independent clause is a clause which can stand alone as a sentence and have complete thought on its own.

      I called him but he didn’t pick up the phone.
      I advised him to quit smoking, but he didn’t act upon my advice.
      He became ill, so he thought he should go to a doctor.
      He shouted for help, but no body helped her.
      He wants to become a doctor, so he is studying Biology.

Coordinating conjunctions always come between the words or clauses that they join. A comma is used with conjunction if the clauses are long or not well balanced. 

If both clauses have same subjects, the subject of 2nd clause may not be written again. See the following examples

     She worked hard and succeeded.
     The player stopped and kicked the ball.
     He became ill but didn’t go to doctor.
     Marry opened the book and started to study.

Subordinating Conjunctions.

Subordinating conjunctions (called subordinators) join subordinate clause (dependent clause) to main clause.

e.g. although, because, if, before, how,  once, since, till, until, when, where, whether, while, after,  no matter how, provided that, as soon as, even if,

      MAIN CLAUSE + SUBORDINATE CLAUSE
      SUBORDINATE CLAUSE + MAIN CLAUSE

Subordinate clause is combination of words (subject and verb) which cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. Subordinate clause is also called dependent clause because it is dependent on main clause. Subordinate clause usually starts with relative pronoun (which, who, that, whom etc).  Subordinate clause gives more information in relation to main clause to complete the thought.

Subordinating conjunction joins subordinate clause to main clause. Subordinating conjunction always come before the subordinate clause, no matter the subordinate clause is before main clause or after the main clause. 

Examples.
      He does not go to school because he is ill.
      I will call you after I reach my home.
      I bought some cookies while I was coming from my office.
      They played football although it was raining.
      Although it was raining, they played foot ball.
      As far as I know, this exam is very difficult.
      I have gone to every concert since I have lived in New York.
      You can get high grades in exam provided that you work hard for it.

Correlative Conjunction.

These are paired conjunctions which join words, phrases or clauses which have reciprocal or complementary relationship.

The most commonly used correlative conjunctions are as follows

     Either … or
     Neither … nor
     Whether … or
     Both … and
     Not only … but also 

Examples.

      Neither John nor Marry passed the exam.
      Give me either a cup or a glass.
      Both red and yellow are attractive colours.
      I like neither tea nor coffee.
      He will be either in the room or in the hall.
      John can speak not only English but also French.

 

Interjection

Interjections are short words which show strong feeling or emotions.

e.g. oh, ah, wow, hurrah, alas, ouch, Oops, aha, hey, etc

Interjections are short exclamations which express strong or sudden feeling of

• • Joy
• • Sorrow
• • Wonder

Exclamation sign is used after interjections.

Examples.

      Hurrah! We won the competition.
      Ouch ! It hurts.
      Wow! What a nice shirt.
      Hey ! what are you doing?
      Alas! My parents are dead.
      Oh! I forgot to bring my purse.

Besides these specific interjections, a normal word can also be used as interjection if it is used to express feeling or emotion.

     No! Don’t touch it, its hot.
     What! I am selected for the job?
     Help! I am about to fall.
     Well ! I will try my level best. 

Example of Preposition

Prepositions show the relationship between a noun and another word.

Prepositions are a type of words that are used to show the relationship between a noun and another word in the sentence. It gives additional information about the location, direction, space, or time.

The preposition usually comes before the noun and/or pronoun, however not always. The term, preposition comes from the idea of being positioned before.

For example:
It is a container for milk. The preposition, for indicates the relationship between the noun container and the noun milk, as in the container is meant to be used for milk.

Further example of prepositions:

The bear sleeps throughout the winter.
I had the book until recently.
It is a five min walk from my house.
The weather in May is beautiful.
The house was on a hill
The cloud was above the park.
The show was about a pair of lovers.
She wore the coat over her blouse.
According to Maria, the deadline is tomorrow.

Preposition

Preposition is a word that shows relation between noun or pronoun and the other words in sentence.

e.g. in, on, at, to, with, under, above, into, by, of etc

Preposition is always used before a noun or pronoun and shows the relation of the noun or pronoun to the other words in sentence. The following examples will help in better understanding.

Example.

Subject + Verb	Preposition	Noun
The cat was sleeping	on	table
He lives	in	Paris
She looked	at	Stranger.
He will come	in	January.
Wedding ceremony will be held	on	20th December.
I was waiting	for	you
Someone is knocking	at	The door.
She came	by	bus.

Prepositions show many relations (for different nouns) in sentence. On the basis of relation they show, preposition may be divided into following categories.

• 
  
• 
  
• Preposition for time e.g. in, on, at, etc.
• Preposition for place e.g. in, on, at, etc
• Preposition for direction e.g. to, towards, into, through etc.
• Preposition for agent e.g. by
• Preposition for device, instrument or machines. e.g. on, by, with, etc.
• Prepositions used after verbs to make prepositional verb. e.g. look at, look after, laugh at

 

Types of Preposition

The types of preposition are as follows:

1. Preposition for Time
2. Preposition for Place
3. Preposition for Direction
4. Preposition for Agent
5. Preposition for Instrument
6. Prepositional Phrase

Types of Preposition

The types of preposition are as follows:

       1. Preposition for Time
       2. Preposition for Place
       3. Preposition for Direction
       4. Preposition for Agent
       5. Preposition for Instrument
       6. Prepositional Phrase

Prepositions for Time. (in, on, at)

Prepositions used for time of different natures are in, on at etc.

Preposition	Time Nature
In	1. Month or Year. e.g. in January, in 1985 2. Particular time of day or month or year e.g. in morning, in evening, in first week of January, in summer, in winter 3. Century or specific time in past etc e.g. in 21st century, in stone age, in past, in future, in present
On	1. Day e.g. on Monday 2. Date e.g. on 5th of March, March 5 3. Particular day e.g. on Independence Day, on my birthday,
At	1. Time of clock e.g. at 5 O’clock, at 7:30 PM 2. Short and precise time e.g. at noon, at sunset, at lunch time, at bed time, at the moment, at the same time

Examples.
          He was born in 1945.
          She will go to New York on 25th of March.
          The concert will begin at 7 O’clock.
          He gets up early in the morning.
          We enjoyed a lot in the summer.
          The president will deliver speech to public on Independence Day.
          She received a lot gifts on her birthday.
          Where were you at the lunchtime?
          I will call you at 12 A.M

Preposition for Place. (in, on, at)

Prepositions “in, on or at” are usually used for different places.

• “In” is usually used for place which have some boundary (boundary may physical or virtual).
• 
  
• 
  
• “On” is  used for surface
• “At” is used for specific place.
• 
  

Preposition	Place Nature
In	Place having some boundary (physical or virtual boundary) Examples. In hall In school In a building In a box In a car In library In garden In America In room In cupboard
On	Surface of something. Examples. On a table On blackboard On a page On the wall On the roof On a map
At	Specific Place. Examples. At the entrance At the bottom of glass At front of the chair At bus stop At the edge of roof

Examples
          She lives in New York.
          Students study in library.
          The wedding ceremony will be held in the hall.
          There are some books on the table.
          The teacher wrote a sentence on blackboard.
          He was flying kite on the roof.
          Her parents were waiting for her at the entrance of school
          There was a huge gathering at bus stop.
          His house is at the end of street.

Preposition for Direction.(to, toward, through, into)

Prepositions like to, towards, through, into are used to describe the direction. Following examples will help in better understanding.

Examples.
         She went to the library.
         He jumped into the river.
         He ran away when he felt that someone was coming toward him.

Preposition for Agent. (by)

Preposition for agent is used for a thing which is cause of another thing in the sentence. Such prepositions are by, with etc. Following examples will help in better understanding.

Examples.
         This book is written by Shakespeare.
         The work was completed by him.
         The room was decorated by her.
         The tub is filled with water.

Preposition for device, instrument or machine.

Different preposition are used by different devices, instruments or machines. e.g. by, with, on etc. Following examples will help in better understanding.

Examples.
         She comes by bus daily.
         He opened the lock with key. 

Prepositional Verb

A prepositional phrase is a combination of a verb and a preposition. It is just a verb followed by a preposition.

Prepositional Phrase  =  Verb + Preposition

Some verbs need particular prepositions to be used after them in sentences having a direct object. Such a verb with its required preposition is called a prepositional phrase.

For example

He knocks at the door.

In above sentence “knock at” is prepositional phrase which contains a verb “knock” and a preposition “at”. Without the use of correct preposition after a prepositional verb in a sentence, the sentence is considered to be grammatically wrong. For example if we say, “he knocks the door”, it is wrong because it lacks the required preposition “at”. So the correct sentence is “he knocks at the door”.

Prepositional Verbs are transitive and they have a direct object in sentence. Some of the frequently used preposition verb are, laugh at, knock at, listen to, look at, look for, look after, wait for, agree to, agree with, talk about, talked to

Examples.
             She is listening to music.
             She looked at the blackboard.
             We believe in God.
             They were waiting for the teacher.
             Do you agree with me?
             Do you agree to my proposal?
             Someone is knocking at the door.
             You should not rely on her.

Example of Pronoun

A pronoun is a word that can be used instead of a noun.

In linguistics and grammar, a pronoun is traditionally considered as a part of speech. A pronoun is any word of form that can be used to replace a noun or noun phrase. Often times, using the same noun over and over again becomes cumbersome; hence, it is often replaced with a pronoun, which indicates what we are talking about without repeating the noun over and over again.

For example, “Mary is eating cake. Mary likes cake. Mary wants more cake.” Instead of saying Mary over and over again, we can say ‘she’. “Mary is eating cake. She likes cake. She wants more cake.”

Whenever, we think of pronouns, we think of ‘I’, ‘you’, ‘we’, ‘him’, and ‘her’. However, a pronoun can be essentially anything that is used to refer to something else.

For example:
I love you.
He looked at them.
That reminds me of something.
It is we who are responsible for the decision to downsize.
It could have been them.
Her face was close to mine.
Anything might happen.

There are many types of pronouns, such as personal pronouns, relative pronouns, interrogative pronouns, demonstrative pronouns and indefinite pronouns.

• Personal Pronouns are pronouns that are used to represent people, for example, I, me, mine, you, yours, his, her, hers, we, they, or them. Personal Pronouns can be further categorized into:

Subjective pronouns: that act as a subject of verbs in the sentence, such as I, you, we, he, she, it, we, and they. For example, “I drove Catherine home.”
Objective pronouns: that act as an object of verbs in the sentence, such as me, you, us, him, her, it, and them. For example, “Nick waved at me.”
Possessive pronouns: that are used to indicate possessiveness, such as mine, yours, hers, his, ours, and theirs. For example, “The book is mine.”
Reflexive pronouns: that are used to refer back to previously used personal pronouns, such as myself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, and themselves. For example, “I fell and hurt myself.”

• Relative Pronouns are pronouns that are used to add more information to a sentence, such as, which, that, who, whom, whose and where. For example, “Bill Gates, who developed Microsoft, is the world’s richest man.”

• Interrogative Pronouns are pronouns that are used in questions, such as who, which, what, where and how. For example, “Who was that?”

• Demonstrative Pronouns are pronouns that are used to demonstrate or indicate something, such as this, that, these and those. For example, “These are the students participating in the event.”

• Indefinite Pronouns are pronouns that are used for non-specific things, such as all, some, any, several, anyone, nobody, each, both, few, either, none, one and no one. For example, “Somebody must have taken out all the trash.”

• Pronoun

  
  Pronoun is a word that is used instead of a noun, e.g. he, she, it, they, his, her, him its etc.
  
  Example.
  John is an intelligent student. He goes to school daily. He studies a lot. He is making preparation for examination. He will get high marks examination.
  In the above paragraph pronoun “he” is used instead of noun “John”. If we do not use pronoun in above paragraph we will have to use the noun “John” again and again in each sentence. So, the purpose of pronoun is to avoid the repetition of a noun. 
  
  Examples. He, she, it, they, you, I, we, who, him, her, them, me, us, whom, his, its, their, your, mine, our and whose, myself, himself, herself , yourself,  which, this, that these, those,  are the pronouns which are mostly used.
  
  Pronoun can be divided into following groups.
  
  
• 
  
• 
  
• Personal Pronouns:  e.g. I, you, He, she, it, they, who, me, him, her, them, whom
• Possessive Pronouns: e.g. yours, mine, his, hers, ours, theirs,
• Reflexive Pronouns: e.g. myself, himself, herself, itself, yourself, ourselves, themselves
• Reciprocal Pronoun: e.g. each other, one another
• Relative Pronouns: e.g. who, whom, whose, which, that
• Demonstrative Pronoun: e.g. this, these, that, those

 

                         Types of Pronoun

There five types of pronoun
1. Personal Pronoun
2. Possessive Pronoun
3. Reflixive Pronoun
4. Relative Pronoun
5. Demonstrative Pronoun

Personal Pronouns.

Personal pronoun describes a particular person or thing or group.
Personal pronoun describes the person speaking (I, me, we, us), the person spoken to (you), or the person or thing spoken about (he, she, it, they, him, her, them).

Types of Pronoun

There five types of pronoun
      1. Personal Pronoun
      2. Possessive Pronoun
      3. Reflixive Pronoun
      4. Relative Pronoun
      5. Demonstrative Pronoun

Personal Pronouns

Personal pronoun describes a particular person or thing or group.

Personal pronoun describes the person speaking (I, me, we, us), the person spoken to (you), or the person or thing spoken about (he, she, it, they, him, her, them).
Example.
He helps poor.
The pronoun “he” in above sentence describes a person who helps poor.

Use of Personal Pronouns.

Namber	Person	Personal Pronoun
		Subject	Object
Singular	1st Person	I	Me
	2nd Person	You	You
	3rd Person	He, She, It	Him, Her, It
Plural	1st Person	We	Us
	2nd Person	You	You
	3rd Person	They	Them

Examples.
         She is intelligent
         They are playing chess.
         He sent me a letter.
         It is raining.
         We love our country.
         The teacher appreciated them.
         I met him yesterday.
         He gave her a gift.
         Did you go to home?

Possessive Pronouns

Possessive Pronoun indicates close possession or ownership or relationship of a thing/person to another thing/person.
e.g. yours, mine, his,  hers, ours, theirs, hers,

Example.
This book is mine.
The pronoun “mine” describes the relationship between book and a person (me) who possesses this book or who is the owner of this book.

Namber	Person	Possessive Pronoun
Singular	1st Person	Mine
	2nd Person	Yours
	3rd Person	Hers, his, its
Plural	1st Person	Ours
	2nd Person	Yours
	3rd Person	Theirs

Examples.
        That car is hers.
        Your book is old. Mine is new.
        The pen on the table is mine.
        The smallest cup is yours.
        The voice is hers.
        The car is ours not theirs.
        I have lost my camera. May I use yours?
        They received your letter. Did you received theirs.

Note: Possessive adjectives (my, her, your) may be confused with possessive pronouns. Possessive adjective modifies noun in terms of possession. Both possessive adjective and possessive show possession or ownership, but possessive adjective is used (with noun) to modify the noun while Possessive pronoun is used instead (in place of) a noun.
Examples.

This is my book. (Possessive adjective: “my” modifies the noun “book”)
This book is mine. (Possessive pronoun: “mine” is used instead of noun “to whom the book belongs”)

Reflexive Pronoun.

Reflexive pronoun describes noun when subject’s action affects the subject itself.
e.g himself, yourself, herself, ourselves, themselves, itself  are reflexive pronouns.

Reflexive pronouns always act as objects not subjects, and they require an interaction between the subject and an object.

Namber	Person	Subject	Reflive Pronoun
Singular	1st Person	I	Myself
	2nd Person	You	Yourself
	3rd Person	He, she, it	Himself, Herself, Itself
Plural	1st Person	We	Ourselves
	2nd Person	You	Yourselves
	3rd Person	They	Themselves

Examples.
        I looked at myself in the mirror.
        You should think about yourself.
        They prepared themselves for completion.
        She pleases herself by think that she will win the prize.
        He bought a car for himself.
        He locked himself in the room.
        He who loves only himself is a selfish.

Note: Reflexive noun can also be used to give more emphasis on subject or object. If a reflexive pronoun is used to give more emphasis on a subject or an object, it is called “Intensive Pronoun”. Usage and function of intensive pronoun are different from that of reflexive pronoun.

For example, she herself started to think about herself.

In the above sentence the first “herself” is used as intensive pronoun while the second “herself” is used as reflexive pronoun.
See the following examples of intensive pronouns.

Examples. (Intensive Pronouns)
I did it myself. OR. I myself did it.
She herself washed the clothes.
He himself decided to go to New York.
She herself told me.

                                               Reciprocal Pronouns.
Reciprocal Pronouns are used when each of two or more subjects reciprocate to the other.
or
Reciprocal pronouns are used when two subjects act in same way towards each other, or, more subjects act in same way to one another.
For example,  A loves B and B love A. we can say that A and B loves each other.
There are two reciprocal pronouns

• Each other
• One another.

Examples.
        John and Marry are talking to each other.
        The students gave cards to one another.
        The people helped one another in hospital.
        Two boys were pushing each other.
        The car and the bus collided with each other.
        The students in the class greeted one another.

Relative Pronouns.

Relative Pronoun describes a noun which is mentioned before and more information is to be given about it.
Or
Relative pronoun is a pronoun which joins relative clauses and relative sentences.

For example, It is the person, who helped her.
In this sentence the word “who” is a relative pronoun which refers to the noun (the person) which is already mentioned in beginning of sentence (It is the person) and more information (he helped her) is given after using a relative pronoun (who) for the noun (the person).
Similarly, in above sentence the pronoun “who” joins two clauses which are “it is the person” and “who helped her”.   

Examples. The most commonly used five relative pronouns are, who, whom, whose, which, that.
“Who” is for subject and “whom” is used for object. “who” and “whom” are used for people. “Whose” is used to show possession and can be used for both people and things. “Which” is used for things. “That” is used for people and things.

Examples.
        It is the girl who got first position in class.
        Adjective is a word that modifies noun.
        The man whom I met yesterday is a nice person.
        It is the planning that makes succeed.
        The boy who is laughing is my friend.
        It is the boy whose father is doctor.
        The car which I like is red.

Demonstrative Pronouns.

Demonstrative pronoun is a pronoun that points to a thing or things.
e.g. this, that, these, those, none, neither
These pronouns point to thing or things in short distance/time or long distance/time.
Short distance or time: This, these.
Long distance or time: That, those.

Demonstrative pronouns “this and that” are used for singular thing while “these or those” are used for plural things.

Examples
          This is black.
          That is heavy.
          Can you see these?
          Do you like this?
          John brought these.
          Those look attractive.
          Have you tried this.

•  

Example of Adverb

Adverbs are used to modify verbs.

 An adverb is a word that is used to change or qualify the meaning of a verb, adjective, other adverb, clause, sentence or any other word or phrase. However, it is mainly used to modify verbs.

Adverbs are typically used to answer questions such as ‘how?’, ‘in what way?’, ‘when?’, ‘where?’, and ‘to what extent?’.

For example:

How? – She was walking slowly.

In what way? – She was walking barefoot.

When? – She was walking yesterday.

Where? – She was walking there.

To what extent? – She was walking the slowest.

In these examples, while the activity, i.e. the verb remains the same, (in this case, running) the adverbs keep changing. Changing the adverb modifies the verb, and gives more information, than just the verb alone. In these cases, the adverbs are slowly, barefoot, yesterday, there, and the slowest. Adverb need not be a single word, in the case of the slowest.

Adverb

Adverb is a word which modifies (gives more information about) a verb or adjective or other adverb.

For example,
    He replied.
    He replied quickly.

The word “quickly” is an adverb which gives more information about verb “reply” in the above example. The adverb “quickly” in above example tells us about the verb “reply” that the reply was given quickly or with no time delay.
Similarly an adverb may also modify adjective or other adverb or other part of speech except the noun.

Examples (adverbs modifying verbs).  
     He was driving carelessly.
     John can speak French fluently.
     They live happily.
     Marry is laughing loudly.
     He goes to school daily.
     We sometimes get confused.
     He met me yesterday.
     Guests will come here.

Examples (adverbs modifying adjectives).
Note:  The bold words (in following examples) are adverbs and the underlined words are adjectives.  
      It is a very difficult problem.
      He is seriously ill.
      This book is really nice.
      The story of “crazy man” was truly funny.
       You are too weak to walk.

Examples (adverbs modifying other adverbs).  
Note:  The bold word (in following examples) is an adverb and underlined word is the other adverb.  
     John drives very slowly.
     He was talking too much angrily.
     He ran fast enough to catch the bus.
     They live very happily.

Formation of adverb

1. Most of adverbs are formed by adding “-ly” to adjectives. For example, happily, easily, quickly, angrily, correctly, fluently, proudly, loudly, rapidly, immediately etc

1. A few adverbs exists without “-ly”. For example, fast, slow, deep, far, hard, high, wrong, right, low, well, tight, straight, there, here, close, late, very, too, not

Examples.

Adverbs of Manner	Adverbs of Place	Adverbs of Time	Adverbs of Frequency
Happily	Here	Now	Sometimes
Sadly	There	Then	Often
Easily	Near	Yesterday	Usually
Rudely	Somewhere	Today	Seldom
Loudly	Outside	Tomorrow	Frequently
Fluently	Inside	Late	Daily
Rapidly	Ahead	Early	Generally
Angrily	High	Again	Occasionally
Greedily	Top	Tonight	Again and again
Wildly	Bottom	Soon	Never

 

Types/Kinds of Adverb

Adverb modifies verb by giving us the following information.
How the action occurs
Where the action occurs
How many times action occur
At which time the action occurs
Intensity of action 
Adverbs are categorized on the basis of it information it gives, into the following categories.

1. Adverbs of manner
2. Adverb of place
3. Adverb of time
4. Adverb of frequency 

5. Types of Adverb

6. Adverb modifies verb by giving us the following information.
   
   
7. How the action occurs
8. Where the action occurs
9. How many times action occur
10. At which time the action occurs
11. Intensity of action 

Adverbs are categorized on the basis of it information it gives, into the following categories.

1. Adverbs of manner
2. Adverb of place
3. Adverb of time
4. Adverb of frequency

Adverbs of Manner

These adverbs tell us that in which manner the action occurs or how the action occurs or occurred or will occur.
Examples.
      She speaks loudly.
      He was driving slowly.
      You replied correctly.
      He runs fast.
      They solved the problem easily.
      Listen to me carefully.

 

Adverb of Place.

Adverb of place tells us about the place of action or where action occurs/occurred/will occur.
e.g. here, there, near, somewhere, outside, ahead, on the top, at some place.
Examples.
       He will come here.
       The children are playing outside.
       He was standing near the wall.
       They were flying kites on the top of hill.
       He lives somewhere in New York.
       She went upstairs.

Adverb of time

These adverbs tell us about the time of action. e.g. now, then, soon, tomorrow, yesterday, today, tonight, again, early, yesterday.
Examples.
        I will buy a computer tomorrow.
        The guest came yesterday.
        Do it now.
        She is still waiting for her brother.
        He got up early in the morning. 

Adverb of frequency

Adverbs of frequency tell us how many times the action occurs or occurred or will occur.
e.g. daily, sometimes, often, seldom, usually, frequently, always, ever, generally, rarely, monthly, yearly.
Examples.
        He goes to school daily.
        She never smokes.
        He is always late for class.
        They always come in time.
        Barking dogs seldom bite.
        The employees are paid monthly.
        The employees are paid every month.
 

Example of Adjective

An adjective is essentially a ‘describing word’.

Adjectives are words that describe a noun or pronoun. It can also be said that they modify another person or thing in the sentence. Essentially, adjectives are any and all words that are used to describe something.

For example, ‘a loyal dog’. The adjective here is the term ‘loyal’ which is used to describe the dog.

Examples of adjective:
A loud sound
A furry cat
The car was blue
There were four glasses in the cabinet
The nostalgic thrill of dew-wet mornings in Spring

An adjective can be anything that is used to describe:

• Appearance: adorable, beautiful, clean, etc.
• Color: red, orange, yellow, blue, etc.
• Condition: alive, better, careful, etc.
• Feelings: angry, bewildered, agreeable, brave, calm, etc.
• Shape: broad, chubby, crooked, etc.
• Size: big, colossal, gigantic, huge, etc.
• Sound: deafening, faint, loud, quiet, etc.
• Time: brief, early, fast, late, etc.
• Taste: bitter, delicious, fresh, etc.
• Touch: chilly, cold, cool, hot, dry, etc.
• Quantity: empty, few, full, heavy, light, etc.

Adjectives can be of two different forms: Comparative and Superlative. Comparative Adjectives are adjectives that are used to compare two things, whereas Superlative Adjectives are adjectives that are used to compare three or more things. The comparative ending (suffix) for short, common adjectives is generally "-er"; the superlative suffix is generally "-est." For example: big, bigger and biggest. Big is an adjective. Bigger is a Comparative Adjective, as it states that among two things, one is bigger than the other. Biggest is a Superlative Adjective because it indicates that one thing is the biggest among three or more things. For words that cannot be made comparative by ending "-er", can be made comparative by adding ‘more’ For example, ‘more comfortable’ or ‘more careful’.

Adjective

Adjective is a word that modifies (gives more information about) a noun or pronoun.

For example, tall man, old house, red car. The words “tall, old, red” are adjectives which give more information about nouns “man, house, and car” in these examples.

More than one adjective can also be used for a single noun in sentence.
Examples.
        The beautiful girl entered into the room.
        The tall, beautiful girl entered into the room.
        The tall, thin, beautiful girl entered into the room.
        The tall, thin, beautiful and intelligent girl entered into the room.

An adjective gives information about the colour, size, characteristic, quality, quantity or personal traits of a noun or pronoun.

Some examples.

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• White, red, black, green, purple, yellow, orange, brown, and black are adjectives because they mention the colour of noun or pronoun.
• Beautiful, pretty, ugly, thin, slim, fat, tall, and short are adjectives and they describe physical characteristic of a noun or pronoun.
• Intelligent, brave, courageous, determined, exuberant and diligent are adjective and they describe the personal traits of a noun or pronoun.

Use of adjective in sentence.

Adjective is used in sentence at two places depending upon the structure of sentence.

• Before noun
• After some verbs (After stative verbs like seem, look, be (when used as stative verb), feel etc)

 

Use of adjective before noun (Examples)

      He ate a delicious mango.
      She bought a red car.
      A fat man was running in the street.
      I saw a cute baby.
      I don’t like hot tea.
      They live in a small home.
      Poor can’t afford expensive clothes.
      Severe headache and fever are symptoms of malaria.
      He is facing a difficult problem.

Use of adjective after verbs.
Adjectives may be used after stative verbs (i.e. seem, look, sound, taste, appear, feel, be). Adjective are used after such verbs which behaves like stative verbs.
For example, Iron is hot
“Hot” is adjective in the above sentence which comes after “is” and “is” behaves like a stative verb in this sentence. “Hot” after verb “is” but it tells us about the noun (subject) “iron”

Examples.
Your problem seems difficult.
That book was good.
This pizza tastes delicious.
The story sounds interesting.
He is stupid.
The man became angry.
She looks attractive.

 

Degrees of Adjectives and their use.

 

There are three degrees of adjectives.

     1. Positive Adjective     2. Comparative Adjective         3. Superlative Adjective

 Some Examples:

Positive	Comparative	Superlative
Big	Bigger	Biggest
Great	Greater	Greatest
Short	Shorter	Shortest
Old	Older	Oldest
Large	Larger	Largest
Happy	Happier	Happiest
Lucky	Luckier	Luckiest
Heavy	Heavier	Heaviest
Beautiful	More beautiful	Most beautiful
Horrible	More horrible	Most horrible
Good	Better	Best
Bad	Worse	Worst
Little	Less	Least
Many	More	Most

Use of comparative adjective.

Comparative adjectives are used to express characteristic of one thing in comparison to another thing (one thing). It makes comparison between two things (only two things not more than two).

Word “than” is mostly used after comparative adjective but sometimes other words “to” may be used after comparative adjective. See the following examples.

Examples.

           She is taller than Mary.
           A cup is smaller than a glass.
           He is junior to me.
           Chinese is more difficult than English.
           Paris is more beautiful than New York.

Use of Superlative adjective.

Comparative adjectives are used to express characteristic of one thing in comparison to other things (many things). It makes comparison among things more than two. Superlative is the highest degree of a thing in comparison to other things. A superlative adjective means that a object is surpassing all others (things in comparison) in quality or characteristic.   For example, John is the most intelligent student in his class. It means John is surpassing all other students in his class and no other student in his class is as intelligent as John.

Article “the” is used before superlative degree. “In” or “of” etc is used after the superlative and modifying noun in sentence.

Examples.

      Bills Gate is the richest person in world.
      Brunel is the most beautiful hotel in England.
      Mount Everest is the highest mountain in world.
      She is the tallest girl in class.
      Our generation is the most modern.
      His house is the biggest in the street.
      The winter is the coldest time of year.